What is a Liberal Arts College Anyway?

People in the college counseling world tend to throw around terms like "research university" and "liberal arts college", but what do these terms really mean?  And more importantly, how do you choose which type of school is best for you?

In brief, a research university is one where a significant portion of the money to run the school comes in the form of research grants.  This generally means that there is exciting, cutting-edge research going on, often with professors who are well-respected in their fields.  While this can be exciting to be a part of, and the professors are, by necessity, staying current in their respective fields through the research they are conducting, it comes with a price.  The professors' time is split between research and teaching - and this may impact the time and effort they are able to devote to their classes.  Typically, but not always, research universities tend to be large, with intro level classes often having enrollments of hundreds of students.  These classes are then split into discussion sessions run by graduate teaching assistants.  So even though the university may boast professors who are Nobel Laureates, the average undergraduate student may never actually interact significantly with those instructors.

Liberal arts colleges and universities, on the other hand, tend to be smaller and focused almost exclusively on teaching undergraduates.  Professors may or may not be involved in research in their respective fields, but if they are, the focus is still firmly on teaching.  Class sizes tend to be smaller (often under 20 students per class) and students are able to develop a closer relationship with their instructors.  The benefits of a liberal arts education include more interaction with professors, smaller class sizes, and a greater focus on teaching.  Liberal arts colleges focus on developing excellent oral and written communication skills, as well as critical thinking skills, which can be applied to nearly any career.  These types of colleges also tend to have excellent success rates in terms of students moving on to graduate or professional study.  A 2010 article from CBS news laid out 5 reasons to attend a liberal arts college. Again, however, this comes with a price.  The drawbacks: the university is less likely to be involved in cutting-edge research, there is often a smaller selection of majors, and students are unlikely to find specialized majors such as industrial design or dietetics.

There are some common misconceptions of liberal arts colleges.  To dispel these myths and set the record straight, keep in mind the following:

• Liberal arts colleges are not necessarily connected with liberal politics or thinking.  The culture at a liberal arts college could be predominantly conservative or predominantly liberal - it depends on the college.
• Most liberal arts colleges have strong programs in math and science as well as humanities, social science, and art.
• Liberal arts colleges have some of the highest success rates in students going on to graduate and professional schools.
• Liberal arts colleges are not inherently any more or less expensive than other types of schools - again, it depends on the school and the amount of financial aid you qualify for.
• You don't have to be interested in art to attend and succeed at a liberal arts college.

So which type of school is best for you? There are many factors that affect how well a college or university fits your needs, and the distinction between research university and liberal arts school is only one of these many factors.  But in general, consider the following:

A liberal arts school might better fit your needs if:

• You want a personal connection and significant interaction with your professors
• You want small class sizes where interaction is a key part of the class
• You are planning to major in a general area of science, art, humanities, or social science

On the other hand, a larger research institution may be better if:

• Being around cutting-edge research is important to you
• You thrive in a larger, more diverse environment (socially and academically)
• Class size, particularly in intro classes, is not important to you
• You are interested in a more specialized field of study

More information can be found in this excellent article from Education.com  Whatever you decide, be sure to thoroughly explore the offerings at schools you are interested in, and, if possible, try to visit the school in person to see how you would fit in (see post on Campus Visits from July 2012).

FAFSA Season again

If you are a senior, or the parent of a senior, the single most important thing you can do right now to support your college journey is to complete the FAFSA.  That's the free application for federal student aid, and it's the gateway to almost any type of financial aid you're likely to receive.  To complete the FAFSA, go to www.fafsa.ed.gov and follow the instructions to start a new FAFSA.

The FAFSA will ask about the student's and parent's income and assets, and will calculate an Expected Family Contribution (or EFC) based on the information you provide.  It's important to understand that the EFC is not necessarily what you will pay for college, but it is an important factor in determining your financial need.  Your financial need will be the difference between the cost of attendance (COA) at the school you attend and your EFC.

The information on the FAFSA determines your eligibility for federal grants such as the Pell Grant and state grants, including the Cal Grant and California Middle Class Scholarship in California.  State grants are available in many other states as well. Furthermore, most scholarships will require that you have filed a FAFSA, and will use that information to determine income-based eligibility.

Some important things to note about the FAFSA:

• Although the FAFSA will ask for information from your tax return, you do not have to wait until you have filed taxes before submitting the FAFSA.  You can use estimated income, then go back and make changes after you file your taxes.
• If you are a California resident, be sure to file the FAFSA before March 2.  This is the deadline for the state grants, including the Cal Grant and the California Middle Class Scholarship.
• If you are eligible for the Cal Grant, be sure to submit your GPA verification by March 2.  See your high school counselor for information on how to do this.
• If your parents are separated or divorced, you will only provide income information for the parent you live with most of the time, and their spouse, if they are remarried.  If you live with each parent 50% of the time, you should provide income information for the parent who provides most of your financial support.
• Make sure you are on the correct website - you want .gov NOT .com  There is a fafsa.com website that may charge you up to $100 to file this free application.  
• You need to complete the FAFSA each year.  You should file as soon as possible after January 1st of each year.

Once you have completed the FAFSA, you will receive a Student Aid Report (SAR) which will include your EFC, along with a summary of information you entered in the FAFSA.  Check your SAR for accuracy, and follow the directions you'll receive with the SAR if you need to make corrections. 

Undocumented students in California who meet the requirements of AB540 should complete the Dream Act application.  It is similar to the FAFSA, but does not require a social security number.  The Dream Act assesses eligibility for the Cal Grant and California Middle Class Scholarship, and provides important information regarding eligibility for institution - based aid. 

Once you have finished your college applications, make sure your student aid report is sent to all colleges you have applied to.  You can list up to 10 colleges on the FAFSA, if you apply to a college after completing the FAFSA and did not have the information sent, contact the financial aid office at the college to make sure they receive the information from your FAFSA.  They will use this information to determine your eligibility for financial aid.

Eventually, you should receive a financial aid offer letter from each college you are accepted to.  Be sure to check your online portal for each college to make sure they are not missing any important information.  If you have questions about the offer, you should contact the school's financial aid office.  College Options, a community-based advising service in Northern California, has a tool for comparing offer letters, along with a wealth of general information on financial aid: http://www.collegeoptions.org/#!financial-aid/c8k2

If you play your cards correctly, you'll have a variety of options to choose from.  Now you just need to sit back and decide.